The Movie Exhibition Industry

Deliverable 1 The Motion Picture Industry Value Chain Could the movie business increase the value of their creations on the off chance that they focused on just one endeavor? A large portion of the dispersion in the market is finished by the divisions of significant studios. The studio’s ventures length across different significant fields and this makes the administration of the speculation an extraordinary test. Promoting We will compose a custom article test on The Movie Exhibition Industry explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More If the studio’s focused uniquely on film creation, the nature of their creations would increment. They would station every one of their energies into making new film thoughts and this would speak to their intended interest group. The Business of Exhibition Could film exhibitors find different methods of increasing the value of the client while picking up income? A large portion of the benefits made by exhibitors are from the of fer of concessions. The food served at the films has step by step expanded in cost yet the quality has continued as before. On the off chance that film exhibitors expanded their food choices and joined liquor in their beverages alternatives, their high food costs would be defended and the client base would be expanded on the off chance that they included food choices for veggie lovers. The Theater Experience Now that individuals can watch motion pictures in their own home, what can film exhibitors do now to pick up that upper hand over home theater frameworks and offer clients something that their home theater framework can't? So as to remain in business, the performance centers can open littler branches nearer to the living territories with the goal that the individuals don't need to experience lengthy drives to get to the films. They ought to be set around shopping centers where many individuals visit for necessities like food. This would pull in clients who had gone to the shoppi ng center for different reasons and have the opportunity to save. Bringing the Exhibition Curtain up in 2011 and Beyond How would exhibitors be able to guarantee that they hold their clients with the current monetary downturn? The exhibitors are cheating the clients and this has decreased the quantity of individuals ready to go out to see the films. The exhibitors ought to be circumspect when they set their cost. The clients comprehend a little value climb because of downturn yet outrageous value climbs as have been seen, are influencing the quantity of individuals going for films. Deliverable 2 Is the absence of rivalry from new speculators making these organizations convey low standard administrations? What amount more do the exhibitors need to do so as to keep up the performance center experience do they have to move to a totally extraordinary kind of administration that no other amusement scene can offer at that equivalent cost? By what means can the performance centers endure t he hard financial occasions while ticket costs are rising, the quantity of individuals heading out to motion pictures is dropping, and the quantities of theaters are expanding? Deliverable 3 The film business is by all accounts lacking rivalry from new financial specialists. On the off chance that there were more studios delivering films, there would be more thoughts being made into various motion pictures. This would draw in more film goers. Correspondingly, if more organizations put resources into presentation, the opposition would compel the exhibitors offer better administrations. For exhibitors to make an incredible encounter for film goers they can improve the food they sell and more food alternatives benefited. The individuals working at the films ought to likewise be pleasant to the clients and treat them well. For theaters to at present make a benefit without overpricing the tickets, they could decrease the quantity of staff they have by presenting automated ticket deal poi nt and drink purchasing focuses. They could save money on the laborers compensations and still run a beneficial and effective business.Advertising Looking for exposition on craftsmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This exposition on The Movie Exhibition Industry was composed and presented by client Malaysia Alvarez to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Physical Weathering, Erosion and Mass Wasting Essay

Physical Weathering, Erosion and Mass Wasting - Essay Example Creatures, water and air might be required for enduring to happen. Enduring occurs without movement which isolates it from another topographical procedure called disintegration. Disintegration includes movement wherein different specialists like water, wind and gravity brings the dirt particles starting with one spot then onto the next (Campbell and Claridge 99). Enduring might be done in two different ways: concoction enduring and physical enduring. Concoction enduring requires the collaboration between the iotas and atoms of air, water and other compound substances to breakdown the stone into better particles. Then again, physical enduring needs the warmth, ice, water and strain to precisely breakdown the stones with no substance responses included (Denecke and Carr 433). In the wake of enduring, the stone particles blend in with the natural issue on the ground to shape soil. The minerals found on the dirt rely on the source materials which are the stones. The dirt originating from one sort of source material might be lacking in different sorts of minerals which are required for sound plants to develop (Campbell and Claridge 92). Generally, the wrecked sedimentary rocks are prolific soil in light of the rich natural materials they contain. A large number of the landforms contain ripe soil in light of the fact that enduring is joined by disintegration and affidavit (Denecke and Carr 621). Enormous rocks are generally separated into littler shakes by mechanical enduring or physical enduring first. A short time later, compound enduring may happen because of the synthetic substances that are uncovered after the physical enduring (Craghan 161). That is the means by which physical enduring is so significant. There are numerous sorts of mechanical enduring: scraped spot, ice enduring, water enduring, warm development, activity of creatures, plant root development, crystallization and weight discharge (Schaetzl and Anderson 227). Scraped spot happens when the breeze blows some harsh stone pieces and those particles crush the stones and rocks through quick activity (741). Then again, ice enduring happens when low temperature exists and water goes to ice. The water inside the splits of rocks will more than once grow when it freezes making the stones break (238). Water enduring is distinctive as it doesn't include exceptionally low temperature. As water passes by the breaks of the stones, it washes the minerals making the stones split into pieces (232). Warm extension happens because of the adjustments in temperature and influenced by the warmth of the sun making the stones more than once contract and extends in different levels until they become pieces. The warm pressure makes the coupling specialist in the stones debilitate that prompts molecule detachment. The large distinction between the temperatures of day and night makes mind blowing pressure the stones giving them nonstop constriction and development until they break into pieces (Campbell and Claridge 110). The activity of creatures like elephants stepping on the rocks cause pressure that breaks the stones into better particles (94). Plant root development prompts physical division of rock particles as the roots push through the splits as they grow (92). Crystallization happens as an occasion of physical enduring in dry situations when water fume is caught and structure precious stones in broke up minerals inside the stones. As those precious stones structure and increment in size, the stones extend making them gradually split until they break down (100). For pressure discharge, it happens when the top rocks are

Favorite Places around Morningside Heights COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Favorite Places around Morningside Heights COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you have not already checked out the SIPA Survival Guide, I highly recommend you do so (http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/students/sipasa/documents/SIPASurvivalGuide2012.pdf). It is a veritable treasure trove of information on places to eat, play and study.   In that spirit, I wanted to share some of my favorite places around Morningside Heights, some of which are in there, and some of which are not. Favorite place to study: Teacher’s College.  Teacher’s college is right near the SIPA building on 120th Street.   Unlike the concrete jungle that is SIPA, TC’s library and dining hall have that classic old university feeling without being overrun by undergrads like the main campus. Unlike the Law School, Teacher’s College has an open WiFi network and its library is open to anybody with a Columbia ID. The library features private group study rooms, an open plan talking area and quiet study area with big tables and smaller study carrels. There is a café on the first floor that serves (hello!) Starbucks coffee as well as other small items and people are pretty open about bringing drinks/small snacks into the library. I am also a fan of TC’s Grace Dodge Dining Hall. It is usually pretty quiet in there but the food is the best quality I have had anywhere in campus including a pick your own salad, pizza and sandwich bar. Favorite place to blog/apply to jobs from: Brad’s Café at the Journalism School.   When I’m feeling less academic and more professional, my favorite place to work is Brad’s Café, located at the Journalism School right inside in the Broadway 116th Street entrance. Brad’s has outdoor seating which is partially enclosed during the cooler months and features a scrawling news feed and all day TV news coverage. Note, seating is for patrons only so be prepared to buy something.  Every time I’m in there I feel like I’m about to file a story with my bureau chief. Favorite place to bring tourists:   Grant’s Tomb. Devotees with not be surprised to learn that I’m a big American history nerd and there is a real treasure, the General Grant National Memorial, right in our own backyard. (http://www.nps.gov/gegr/index.htm) Most times it’s pretty quiet so you will be able to impress your guests by arranging a private tour. Favorite place for a treat: Crumbs Cupcakes (Broadway and 109th).  New Yorkers love cupcakes and Crumbs is the crème de la crème, literally. Giant crème filled cupcakes in every flavor imaginable. They do sell mini cupcakes, but the smallest they come in is a pack of six. For this reason, when I’m feeling the cupcake craving I usually plan a trip right before a group meeting. That way I can buy a six pack, snag the best one (or two!) for myself and be a group project hero! Crumbs also sell Starbucks coffee and the line is usually much shorter than at Starbucks.   Ten coffees here earns you a free drink PLUS a free cupcake. Favorite quick bite to eat: Cascabel Taqueria (Broadway and 108th).  Casual, friendly, the best tacos I have ever had. My favorite is the Carne Asada, but if you’re in the mood for something lighter the pummel (which is actually just grapefruit) and avocado salad is very refreshing.   They have fairly decent margaritas as well.

Essay Lowering the Drinking Age to Eighteen - 1340 Words

In 1984 Transportation Secretary Elizabeth Dole lobbied for all states to raise the legal drinking age from eighteen to twenty-one. The consequence for a state not raising the age was to lose a portion of their federal highway funding. I personally believe that the drinking age being twenty-one is just like when the voting age was twenty-one, if I can go to war and die for my country, then I should be able to go to the bar and buy a beer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the biggest problems in our society is under age drinking. They tell us how we aren’t allowed to drink, that we aren’t old enough or mature enough to do it, but the more adults talk about it, the more teenagers want to do it. When a kid goes off to college, it’s†¦show more content†¦What they don’t understand is that it takes a long time to get used to dealing with the after effects of a fifteen beer night. So they go out their first night, grab a cup, and start to drink. Sounds like fun until they try to walk home and they can’t remember where their dorm is. So they stumble around for a while, sometimes alone and other times with a group of friends. This goes on for a while until something finally happens. One outcome, the one that all kids think is going to happen, is that they finally find their limit and learn how to be responsible with their drinking while having fun at the same time. Another option is that they end up in jail for the night and then they have to go explain to mommy and daddy why they need an extra $200 this month. The next possible outcome is the one that no kid ever thinks will happen to them, that is when they end up in the hospital getting their stomach pumped because they drank too much. For most kids that is enough to make them never drink that much again, but some kids see it as a challenge, and the next time they go to the hospital it is because someone found them dead on the floor the next morning. My friends and I started to really drink the summer before my senior year. Personally I tried never to drink too much because I was alwaysShow MoreRelatedAccording To â€Å"College Drinking,† Almost Two Out Of Three1388 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to â€Å"College Drinking,† almost two out of three college students engage in binge drinking. Binge drinking is a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL or higher (â€Å"College Drinking†). Many parents, guardians, and psychologists believe that college students binge drink because they think drinking is an integral part of their higher education. Similar to peer pressure, college students drink because the rest of the student body drinks. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesthe night before when they went out drinking. It is a common fact that most teenagers have had a drink of alcohol before their twenty-fir st birthday. Most teenagers drink regularly or in some cases, binge drink. Nobody can prevent underage drinking. When people tell a teenagers they cannot have something, it inclines them to want it even more and teenagers will go to extreme lengths to obtain it. In 1984, Congress passed the law stating the legal drinking age in the United States was twenty-one (Alcoholism)Read MoreLowering The Drinking Age From Twenty857 Words   |  4 PagesAt eighteen years of age a teenager becomes an adult. They can choose to move out of their parents home, vote, marry, joining the military and buy tobacco and lottery tickets, but it isn’t illegal to purchase alcohol. However, in twenty-nine states it is legal to consume alcohol at eighteen, but not to purchase alcohol. Becoming an adult has many responsibilities; therefore, citizens should be able to drink at eighteen. The United States should lower the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen becauseRead MoreFor Years, The Debate About Deciding A Minimum Legal Drinking1638 Words   |  7 Pagesminimum legal drinking age (MLDA) has plagued the United States. The arguments can include that intoxicated driving accidents will increase if the MLDA was lowered or that the current MLDA is not decreasing drinking among young adults at all. The torn arguments between ages eighteen and twenty-one have not proven one age to be the right answer to the problem of deciding a drinking age, but if the MLDA was lowered to age eighteen, it would be the most beneficial choice because lowering it will benefitRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age1223 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"What we’re doing now to prevent underage drinking isn’t working; it’s time to try something else.† Although many people argue that the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1964, which lowed the drinking age from eighteen to twenty one, was a good idea. David J Hanson a professor in the State University of New York believed that someth ing needs to be done to make the United States a safer place to live. Is it fair that people in the United States can serve in the military, vote in elections, serveRead MorePersuasive Essay On Underage Drinking1291 Words   |  6 PagesUnderage drinking is one of the largest problems that we have in the United States. This is a problem because alcohol is an item that nobody under twenty-one years of age is allowed to purchase or consume. People who are underage are punished by law when they consume or attempt to purchase alcohol illegally. This makes people under twenty-one want alcohol even more. In other countries where the drinking age is lower, there are less problems because it gives parents the push to teach their childrenRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Legal974 Words   |  4 PagesThe Drinking Age For many reasons, the drinking age has been set at twenty-one years old, but has the time come to lower the drinking age? Many argue that the drinking age needs to be lowered back to eighteen for many reasons; however, studies and statistics show that lowering the drinking age is harmful and even deadly. Some people believe that binge drinking can be solved by lowering the drinking age, but lowering the drinking age is not the solution to binge drinking. Many teenagers spend theirRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wagenaar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of theRead MoreLowering The Alcohol Drinking Age1602 Words   |  7 Pages Lowering The Alcohol Drinking Age Now a day’s teens that are under the age of twenty-one are out in trouble and drinking. They know that they are not old enough to drink and that is what makes them want to drink even more. Teens drink when they are not suppose to, but they know that when they drink, they must stay out of trouble. Lowering the alcohol drinking age will keep a bunch of teens out of trouble. If teens can stay safe while drinking then they should allow eighteen year olds to drinkRead MoreShould the Legal Drinking Age Be Lowered to Eighteen?1192 Words   |  5 PagesShould the legal alcohol drinking age be lowered to eighteen? At the age of eighteen years old, you are eligible to vote, you can legally purchase cigarettes, you are eligible for the military draft, you are willing to die for this country, you are even able to serve on a jury, and you are titled as an adult at the age of eighteen. Why can’t someone at the age of eighteen not drink alcohol? Who is to say that just because some one is twenty-one years of age means that they are wise enough to drink

Personal Experience Subjects in Which I Have Excelled Essay

The subjects I excel in are math and science. Every since I was adolescent, I have always had a keen sense of numbers. This undoubtedly helped a lot with the variety of science classes that utilize math skills. Science, though, is, without a doubt, the subject I excel in the most, and I have my extraordinary great-grandmother to thank for that. Around when I was eight, I found out my great-grandmother had cancer which was gradually making her health decline. Eventually the cancer had spread to her legs and within a time span of a year, she had become a double amputee. Being so close to my great-grandmother, this hit me hard, but I felt no sorrow because I knew she was a strong woman, and, being naive at that age, I hadnt thought this†¦show more content†¦I found nothing. It wasn’t until one day when I started searching the web for physicians who dealt specifically with pain that I found the career that I still dream of becoming today, an anesthesiologist. I read for hours and watched numerous videos on the types of procedures anesthesiologist performed and the requirements to become an anesthesiologist. In my mind, I knew this sudden dream to become an anesthesiologist was far-fetched, but, in my heart, I believed this was the key to helping my great-grandmother get better. Years later, now older and wiser, I realize the specifics of the career I have chosen and how it won’t benefit my great-grandmother as much as I had hoped it would have. Even so, this life changing event has benefited me in numerous ways. Academically-wise, I have never received a grade lower than a B in any of my science classes throughout my high school career, and I am the president of the peer to peer Science tutoring club. I enjoy tutoring students about the different aspects of science that go unnoticed even though we utilize science everyday in our lives. I occasionally tell them what inspired me to love science so much in hopes that I can influence my fellow p eers to look at science differently. My favorite science subject, specifically, is biology. I have always been intrigued in how things are alive and how the human body canShow MoreRelatedChoosing the Right University632 Words   |  3 PagesI believe choosing the right University is an important decision for me which will influence my future. I have a particular interest in studying Accountancy and it is something I have been looking into at great detail over the past few years. I see myself as a hardworking and determined individual who has an ambition to make a difference in how people see me in society. To enhance this I knew the next step to achieve that ambition was to get into a respectable and illustrious university. ThroughRead MoreAn Era Of Information Technology1645 Words   |  7 Pageshair dryer; I would urge to decode its working process. There was a cyber cafe near my house and seeing people queuing up to use the computer left me in awe. My mother seeing my interest brought me my first computer when I was in 4th grade and it all started from there. Which one to buy, how fast it would be, what games I could play on it, how big was the world of internet; all these questions were a natural fallout. In the beginning it was mostly playing games in the computer but slowly I started discoveringRead MoreThe Education System Of The 21st Century1083 Words   |  5 Pagesall, which begs to question, what is the purpose of education in the 21st century. As with any big question, there are multiple takes on the higher education system in America. Walter Kirn, a Princeton Alumni, describes education as a â€Å"meritocracy,† where those with merit, or wealth in this case, can rise to the top, in a personal narrative – Lost in the Meritocracy - describing what education in the 21st century is. 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His only remaining brother went to collage at Princeton for undergraduate studies and excelled in athleticism. Rawls followed his brother’s example and went to Princeton to gain his Ph.D, and is also where he developed a large amount of his theories. After John earned his PhRead MorePersonal Career Development : Career Goals1531 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent motivations and impulses. Prior to this course, I was quite ignorant of the magnitude these characteristics and traits hold over our professional lives. Career development is very much a division or subset of an individual’s personal development. These two aspects of development seem to be inextricably connected, thus attempting to isolate either measure would seem to create a discord in an individual s job or life satisfaction. I agree that self-awareness is a fundamental component of discoveringRead MoreEssay on UCSB as a Rationalist Organization1108 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizations can reflect two contrasting perspectives, a Naturalist or Rationalist, which underlines and questions the ideas of structure and formality. Naturalist organizations convey informality due to the basis on the flow of the members’ behavior and relationships among others. But non etheless, Rationalist organization is formal because the organization’s fluidity is based on the members’ limits and structure. Thus, I am going to argue that overall UCSB is a Rationalist organization, rather than NaturalistRead MoreAnalysis Of Kaffir Boy By Mark Mathabane1249 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature classes are the prime places to start. In the autobiography Kaffir Boy by Mark Mathabane, he makes the statement, â€Å"...more than 90 percent of white South Africans go through a lifetime without seeing firsthand the inhuman conditions under which blacks have to survive. Yet the white man of South Africa claims to the rest of the world that he knows what is good for black people and what it takes for a black child to grow up to adulthood.† (Mathabane) That quotation alone makes opens a door for groupRead MoreEssay about Job Analysis Report- Front Office Manager984 Words   |  4 Pagesproject, I chose to do an analysis for the position of Front Office Manager. I think this position is critical to any company within the hospitality industry. The job usually involves using communication and organizational skills to coordinate, supervise, manage and train others to accomplish goals. Previous work-related skill, knowledge and/ or experience are required for this position. 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Education in “The Republic” “Discourse on the Arts and Sciences” Free Essays

The role and significance of education with regard to political and social institutions is a subject that has interested political philosophers for millennia. In particular, the views of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, as evidenced in The Republic, and of the pre-Romantic philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau in his Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, present a striking juxtaposition of the two extremes of the ongoing philosophical and political debate over the function and value of education. In this paper, I will argue that Rousseau’s repudiation of education, while imperfect and offering no remedy to the ills it disparages, is superior inasmuch as it comes closer to the truth of things than does Plato’s idealized conceptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Education in â€Å"The Republic† â€Å"Discourse on the Arts and Sciences† or any similar topic only for you Order Now To do so, I will first examine Plato’s interpretation of the role of education and its function in shaping the structure of society and government and in producing good citizens. I will then introduce Rousseau’s view of education and the negative effects of the civilized culture which it produces, and using this view, will attempt to illustrate the naivete and over-idealization of Plato’s notions. Finally, I will attempt to demonstrate that it is Rousseau’s view, rather than Plato’s, that is ultimately more significant in assessing the actual (vs. idealized) merits (or lack thereof, in Rousseau’s case) by which education should be judged with regard to the nurturance of good citizens. For Plato, the question of the role of education arises near the end of Book II (377e), after a discussion of both the necessary and consequent attributes of Socrates’ kallipolis or â€Å"Ideal City. Such a city, Socrates argues, will, before long, have need of both a specialization of labor (in order for the greatest level of diversity and luxury of goods to be achieved) and of the establishment of a class of â€Å"Guardians† to protect the city from its envious neighbors and maintain order within its walls (i. e. , to police and govern the city). This, in turn, leads inexorably to the question of what attributes the Ideal City will require of its Guardians, and how best to foster such attributes. The early, childhood education of the Guardians, Socrates argues, is the key. What, then, asks Socrates, should children be taught, and when? This quickly leads to a discussion of censorship. Socrates cites a number of questionable passages from Homer which cannot, he thinks, be allowed in education, since they represent dishonorable behavior and encourage the fear of death. The dramatic form of much of this poetry is also suspect: it puts unworthy words into the mouths of gods heroes. Socrates suggests that what we would call â€Å"direct quotation† must be strictly limited to morally-elevating speech. Nothing can be permitted that compromises the education of the young Guardians, as it is they who will one day rule and protect the city, and whom the lesser-constituted citizens of the polis will attempt to emulate, assimilating, via the imitative process of mimesis, to the Myth (or â€Å"noble lie†) of the Ideal City in which justice is achieved when everyone assumes their proper role in society. The process of mimesis, is, of course, yet another form of education, in which those of Iron and Bronze natures are â€Å"instructed† and inspired by the superior intelligence and character of the Gold and Silver members of the Guardian class. It is therefore a form of education without which the polis cannot operate. Thus, for Guardian and ordinary citizen alike, the education of the young and the continuing â€Å"instruction† of the citizenry are crucial. In addition to these aspects, Plato also conceives of another function of education, and one which is quite significant in its relation to Rousseau’s views. For Plato, education and ethics are interdependent. To be ethical, in turn, requires a twofold movement: movement away from immersion in concrete affairs to thinking and vision of unchanging order and structures (such as justice) and then movement back from dialectic to participation and re-attachment in worldly affairs. It is a temptation to become an abstract scholar. But the vision of the good is the vision of what is good for oneself and the city — of the common good. If one does not return to help his fellow human beings, he becomes selfish and in time will be less able to see what is good, what is best. An unselfish devotion to the good requires an unselfish devotion to the realization of this good in human affairs. Just as the purpose of understanding order and limits in one’s own life is to bring about order and restraint in one’s own character and desires, the understanding of justice requires application in the public sphere (through education). A man who forgets the polis is like a man who forgets he has a body. Plato thus advocates educating both the body and the city (for one needs both), not turning one’s back on them. If education is, for Plato, the means by which man comes to fully realize (through society) his potential as a human being and by which society as a whole is in turn elevated, for Rousseau it is quite the opposite. Education, argues Rousseau, does not elevate the souls of men but rather corrodes them. The noble mimesis which lies at the heart of education in Plato’s kallipolis is for Rousseau merely a slavish imitation of the tired ideas of antiquity. The ill effects of this imitation are manifold. Firstly, argues Rousseau, when we devote ourselves to the learning of old ideas, we stifle our own creativity and originality. Where is there room for original thought, when, in our incessant efforts to impress one another with our erudition, we are constantly spouting the ideas of others? In a world devoid of originality, the mark of greatness, intelligence, and virtue is reduced to nothing more than our ability to please others by reciting the wisdom of the past. This emphasis on originality is in marked contrast with Plato, who finds no value in originality, deeming it antithetical to a polis otherwise unified by shared Myths of the Ideal City and of Metals. Rousseau rejects this â€Å"unity†, rightly denouncing it as a form of slavery , in which humanity’s inherent capacity for spontaneous, original self-expression is replaced with the yoking. of the mind and the will to the ideas of others, who are often long dead. In addition to suppressing the innate human need for originality, education (and the appetite for â€Å"culture† and â€Å"sophistication† that it engenders) causes us to conceal ourselves, to mask our true natures, desires, and emotions. We become artificial and shallow, using our social amenities and our knowledge of literature, etc. , to present a pleasing but deceptive face to the world, a notion quite at odds with the ideas of Plato. We assume, in Rousseau’s words, â€Å"the appearance of all virtues, without being in possession of one of them. Finally, argues Rousseau, rather than strengthening our minds and bodies and (a critical point) moving us towards that which is ethical, as Plato contends, education and civilization effeminate and weaken us physically and (perhaps most significantly) mentally, and cause us, in this weakness, to stoop to every manner of depravity and injustice against one another. â€Å"External ornaments,† writes Rousseau, â€Å"are no less foreign to virtue, which is the strength and activity of the mind. The honest man is an athlete, who loves to wrestle stark naked; he scorns all those vile trappings, which prevent the exertion of his strength, and were, for the most part, invented only to conceal some deformity. † Virtue, as opposed to Plato’s conception, is an action, and results not from the imitation inherent in mimesis, but rather in the activity — in the exercise — of the body, mind and soul. Education, however, demands imitation, demands a modeling upon what has been successful. How, then, do we rightly assess the merits of education with regard to its it molding of the public character — in its ability to produce â€Å"good† citizens. The answer to this hinges, I submit, on how we choose to define the â€Å"good† citizen. Clearly, if obedience (or â€Å"assimilation to a political ideology†, or perhaps â€Å"voluntary servitude†) is the hallmark of the good citizen, then we must regard Plato’s disposition towards education as the proper one. However, obedience, despite its obvious centrality to the smooth operation of society (as we would have social chaos were it completely absent), has its useful limits. Over-assimilation to a political idea or â€Å"blueprint† is every bit as dangerous — indeed, far more so — as the utter under-assimilation of anarchy. For those inclined to dispute this, I would urge them to review the history of Nazi Germany as perhaps the definitive example of what sad, awful spectacles of injustice we humans are capable of when we trade in our mental and spiritual autonomy for the convenient apathy and faceless anonymity of the political ideal. Furthermore, if , as Rousseau contends, our civilization is such that, â€Å"Sincere friendship, real esteem, and perfect confidence [in each other] are banished from among men,† what is the quality of the society for which education — any modern education — purports to prepares us? When, â€Å"Jealousy, suspicion, fear coldness, reserve, hate, and fraud lie constantly concealed under †¦ [a] uniform and deceitful veil of politeness,† what is left to us to educate citizens for, other than the pleasure we seem to derive in pedantic displays of hoary knowledge? If we remove the civility from â€Å"civilization†, what remains to us that any education will remedy? How to cite Education in â€Å"The Republic† â€Å"Discourse on the Arts and Sciences†, Papers

Nikki-Rosa Essay Example

Nikki-Rosa Essay Nikki Giovanni, born Yolade Cornelia Giovanni Jr, was born on June 7, 1943 in Knoxville, Tennessee.She was raised in the area around Cincinnati, Ohio.She attended an HBCU, Fisk University, where she became involved in the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Writers? Workshop.Giovanni was instrumental in the Black Arts Movement because her poetry spoke to a lot of people.Her poetry was radicalized by the Black Panthers and followers of the late Malcom X in the 60s and 70s.Her poetry became the artwork of a revolution against her own will.Giovanni wrote many poems, including Black Feeling, Black Talk(1968), Black Judgment(68), Re: Creation(70), Gemini(71), Spin a Soft Black Song(71), Ego-Tripping(73), Vacation Time(80), Those Who Ride The Night Winds(83), and Sacred Cowsand Other Edibles(88).Giovanni?s poetry reflects her own childhood experiences of being poor, Black, and having one parent at home.Not only did her poetry show the Black struggle in America but she also w rote childrens? poems and later on in her life wrote heroic, fictional poetry.Nikki Giovanni recently had a successful lung operation to battle cancer.As of 1998 she was still a professor at Virginia Tech, teaching English. ?Black love is Black wealth?Nikki Giovanni uses Nikki-Rosaas a powerful tool to paint a picture of minority life in America.Because of their adverse experiences, minorities tend to hold love and companionship at a higher value than the those who belong to the wealthy majority.In the poem, Nikki-Rosathe reader is given examples of certain childhood experiences that can be connected with a poor and/or Black child.?living in Woodlawn with no inside t

Introduction to Flood Routing Essays

Introduction to Flood Routing Essays Introduction to Flood Routing Paper Introduction to Flood Routing Paper The Muskingum flow routing method has been very well researched and established in the hydrological literature. Its modest data requirements make it attractive for practical use. The paper gives a general overview of the Flood routing concept and types, and then goes on to explain the Muskingum method in detail. Introduction to Flood Routing Flood routing is a technique which is used to determine the flow hydrograph characteristics like shape and movement along a water course, and how these are affected by various factors like system storage and system dynamics on the shape and movement of flow hydrographs along a watercourse. In other words Flood routing can be described as a process of calculating outflow rates, reservoir stage and storage volume from a stream channel once inflows and channel characteristics are known. The process of flood routing is used for the hydrologic analysis in flood forecasting, flood protection, reservoir design and spillway design etc. The principle of routing is used here for predicting the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrograph, during the course of its travel through the various sections of a stream (Subramanya 2002). Basic Principles of Routing All hydrologic routing methods use a common continuity equation as their common base. According to this equation, the difference between inflow and outflow rates is equal to the rate of change of storage. Mathematically the equation can be written as below: (Gosh 1997 p. 67) In the above equation, I is the rate of inflow, and at any time the corresponding outflow is O. dS is the storage that is accumulated during a very small duration of time dt. Figure below represents the pictorial relation between storage S and discharge Q: (Flood Routing) The above equation considers the losses due to seepage, evaporation and direct accretion to storage, as small enough to be ignored. The equation can be written in integral form as below: (Watson 1983 p. 490) Flood routing methods aim to solve the above one-dimensional mass continuity equation. Flood routing methods classification There are many flood routing methods available like using St. Venant equations, Level Pool Routing, Goodrich Method, Pul’s Method, Kinematic Routing, Muskingum equation, Muskingum-Cunge routing etc. These methods can be divided into the following two categories: Hydrological routing – These methods mainly use the continuity equation Hydraulic routing – These methods combine the equation of continuity with the equation of motion for unsteady flow. (Subramanya 2002 p. 271) Types of Flood Routing In all the hydrologic analysis applications mentioned above, two categories of routing can be clearly recognised: Reservoir routing – In this type of routing, the effect of a flood wave entering a reservoir is studied. This is done by determining the volume-elevation characteristic of a reservoir in addition to the outflow-elevation characteristic of the spillway and also other outlet structures present in the reservoirs (Chadwick Morfett 1986 p318). The results are used to predict the variation of reservoir elevation and outflow discharge with respect to time. This type of routing is necessary for: Designing the capacity of the spillway and other outlet structures Determining the correct location and size of capacity of the reservoir pertaining to a particular requirement condition. Channel routing – In this type of routing, a study is made of the change in shape of a hydrograph as it travels down a channel. This done by considering a channel reach i. e. the specific length of the stream channel, and an input hydrograph at the upstream end of the stream. The results are used to predict the flood hydrograph at various sections of the reach (Chadwick Morfett 1986 p. 322). The output data obtained using this method is, the information on the flood-peak attenuation and, the total duration of the high-water levels. This type of routing is considered very important for: Flood-forecasting operations Flood-protection related work Hydrologic Channel Routing In case of reservoir routing, the storage is a function of output discharge, whereas in case of channel routing, the storage is a function of both inflow and outflow discharges. This is the main reason why entirely different routing methods are needed for Channel routing. When a river is in flood, the flow can be characterized as gradually varied unsteady flow. In a particular channel reach the water surface as expected is not parallel to the channel both. Additionally it also varies with time. At the time of flood, the total volume in storage can be divided into two categories: Prism storage – This is defined as the volume that would exist in case there is uniform flow at the downstream depth. i. e. Prism storage = Wedge storage – This term represents the wedge-like volume which is formed between the actual water surface profile and the prism storage surface i. e. Wedge storage = In the downstream section of a river reach, the prism storage is observed to be constant, when the depth is fixed. However, the wedge storage changes from positive to negative depending on the type of flood. The wedge storage is positive at the time of advancing flood, while it is negative in case of a receding flood. (Subramanya 2002 p. 282-283) (Flow Routing 2) .Muskingum Method Introduction Flood routing in open channels can be determined using a variety of modeling procedures. These methods follow a wide range of methodologies, which can be categorized as: Simple like Muskingum-type approximations – Which have modest data requirements Complex like Muskingum–Cunge methods – Where the typically calibrated Muskingum routing parameters are related to physical and hydraulic characteristics such as reach length, flood wave celerity, unit width discharge and channel bed slope Highly complicated like the solution of the full dynamic flow i. e. St Venant equations – Which require surveyed cross-sectional channel profiles and flow resistance data Out of these the Muskingum and Muskingum–Cunge methods are well established in the hydrological literature, and the modest data requirements make these procedures attractive even though more rigorous hydraulic models are available for unsteady flow routing.

Battle of Pea Ridge in the Civil War

Battle of Pea Ridge in the Civil War Battle of Pea Ridge - Conflict and Dates: The Battle of Pea Ridge was fought March 7-8, 1862, and was an early engagement of the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis10,500 men Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn16,000 men Battle of Pea Ridge - Background: In the wake of the disaster at Wilsons Creek in August 1861, Union forces in Missouri were reorganized into the Army of the Southwest. Numbering around 10,500, this command was given to Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis with orders to push the Confederates out of the state. Despite their victory, the Confederates also altered their command structure as Major General Sterling Price and Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch had shown an unwillingness to cooperate. To keep the peace, Major General Earl Van Dorn was given command of the Military District of the Trans-Mississippi and oversight of the Army of the West. Pressing south into northwest Arkansas in early 1862, Curtis established his army in a strong position facing south along Little Sugar Creek. Expecting a Confederate attack from that direction, his men began emplacing artillery and fortifying their position. Moving north with 16,000 men, Van Dorn hoped to destroy Curtis force and open the way to capture St. Louis. Eager to destroy outlying Union garrisons near Curtis base at Little Sugar Creek, Van Dorn led his men on a three-day forced march through severe winter weather. Battle of Pea Ridge - Moving to Attack: Reaching Bentonville, they failed to capture a Union force under Brigadier General Franz Sigel on March 6. Though his men were exhausted and he had outrun his supply train, Van Dorn began formulating an ambitious plan to assault Curtis army. Dividing his army in two, Van Dorn intended to march north of the Union position and strike Curtis from the rear on March 7. Van Dorn planned to lead one column east along a road known as the Bentonville Detour which ran along the north edge of Pea Ridge. After clearing the ridge they would turn south along the Telegraph Road and occupy the area around Elkhorn Tavern. Battle of Pea Ridge - McCullochs Defeat: The other column, led by McCulloch, was to skirt the western edge of Pea Ridge then turn east to join with Van Dorn and Price at the tavern. Reunited, the combined Confederate force would attack south to strike at the rear of the Union lines along Little Sugar Creek. While Curtis did not anticipate this type of envelopment, he did take the precaution of having trees felled across the Bentonville Detour. Delays slowed both Confederate columns and by dawn, Union scouts had detected both threats. Though still believing that Van Dorns main body was to the south, Curtis began shifting troops to block the threats. Due to the delays, Van Dorn issued instructions for McCulloch to reach Elkhorn by taking the Ford Road from Twelve Corner Church. As McCullochs men marched along the road, they encountered Union troops near the village of Leetown. Dispatched by Curtis, this was a mixed infantry-cavalry force led by Colonel Peter J. Osterhaus. Though badly outnumbered, the Union troops immediately attacked around 11:30 AM. Wheeling his men south, McCulloch counterattacked and pushed Osterhaus men back through a belt of timber. Reconnoitering the enemy lines, McCulloch encountered a group of Union skirmishers and was killed. As confusion began to reign in the Confederate lines, McCullochs second-in-command, Brigadier General James McIntosh, led a charge forward and was also killed. Unaware that he was now the senior officer on the field, Colonel Louis HÃ ©bert attacked on the Confederate left, while the regiments on the right remained in place awaiting orders. This assault was halted by the timely arrival of a Union division under Colonel Jefferson C. Davis. Though outnumbered, they turned the tables on the Southerners and captured HÃ ©bert later in the afternoon. With confusion in the ranks, Brigadier General Albert Pike assumed command around 3:00 (shortly before HÃ ©berts capture) and led those troops near him in a retreat north. Several hours later, with Colonel Elkanah Greer in command, many of these troops joined rest of the army at Cross Timber Hollow near Elkhorn Tavern. On the other side of the battlefield, fighting began around 9:30 when the lead elements of Van Dorns column encountered Union infantry in Cross Timber Hollow. Sent north by Curtis, Colonel Grenville Dodges brigade of Colonel Eugene Carrs 4th Division soon moved into a blocking position. Battle of Pea Ridge - Van Dorn Held: Rather than pressing forward and overwhelming Dodges small command, Van Dorn and Price paused to fully deploy their troops. Over the next several hours, Dodge was able to hold his position and was reinforced at 12:30 by a Colonel William Vandevers brigade. Ordered forward by Carr, Vandevers men attacked the Confederate lines but were forced back. As the afternoon wore on, Curtis continued to funnel units into the battle near Elkhorn, but Union troops were slowly pushed back. At 4:30, the Union position began to collapse and Carrs men retreated back past the tavern to Ruddicks Field about a quarter mile to the south. Reinforcing this line, Curtis ordered a counterattack but it was halted due to darkness. As both sides endured a cold night, Curtis busily shifted the bulk of his army to the Elkhorn line and had his men resupplied. Reinforced by the remnants of McCullochs division, Van Dorn prepared to renew the assault in the morning. Early in the morning, Brigadier Franz Sigel, Curtis second-in-command, instructed Osterhaus to survey the farmland to the west of Elkhorn. In doing do, the colonel located a knoll from which Union artillery could strike the Confederate lines. Quickly moving 21 guns to the hill, Union gunners opened fire after 8:00 AM and drove back their Confederate counterparts before shifting their fire to the Southern infantry. As Union troops moved into attack positions around 9:30, Van Dorn was horrified to learn that his supply train and reserve artillery was six hours away due to a mistaken order. Realizing he could not win, Van Dorn began retreating east along the Huntsville Road. At 10:30, with the Confederates beginning to leave the field, Sigel led the Union left forward. Driving the Confederates back, they retook the area near the tavern around noon. With the last of the enemy retreating, the battle came to an end. Battle of Pea Ridge - Aftermath: The Battle of Pea Ridge cost the Confederates approximately 2,000 casualties, while the Union suffered 203 killed, 980 wounded, and 201 missing. The victory effectively secured Missouri for the Union cause and ended the Confederate threat to the state. Pressing on, Curtis succeeded in taking Helena, AR in July. The Battle of Pea Ridge was one of the few battles where Confederate troops possessed a significant numerical advantage over the Union. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Pea RidgePea Ridge National Military ParkBattle of Pea Ridge Maps

Basketball why is it my number one US best sports and different in Research Paper

Basketball why is it my number one US best sports and different in rules from NCCA - Research Paper Example The five players from each team may be on the court at one time and substitutions are unlimited though they can only be done when play is stopped. A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the hoop during regular play. A regulation basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high mounted onto a backboard. Afield goal scores two points for the shooting team if a player is touching or closer to the hoop than the three point line while three points are scored if the player is outside the three-point line. The team with more points at the end of the game emerges the winners. It is evident that basketball is one of the best and most popular sports in the USA. It has taken a big role in shaping the cultures of many a people, the young and the old alike. One of the reasons making basket ball a popular sport is street basket ball, a spin-off basket ball played by millions of people. Street basket ball players are both females and males with the ages ranging between 5 and 65 years. Kids start familiarizing themselves with the sport at kindergarten levels. A person’s life as a street ball player usually takes many years as it doesn’t require much practice because it is played for fun (Mallon, 49). This introduction of boys and girls to basketball at such a young age has gone a long way in popularizing the game and in most cases street basket ball players proceed to becoming professionals in the sports. Another reason why basketball has been considered one of the most popular sports in USA is the roles played by the National Basketball Association. The NBA has engendered international interests in the sport and also involved the various USA teams in numerous league matches and thus adding growth to the sport. The NBA commitment in basketball world has played a major role in developing and

Discuss the implication of globalization for the organized labour Essay

Discuss the implication of globalization for the organized labour movement in rich countries - Essay Example The process of globalization, with the liberal economic policies, which have been adopted by many countries, has come to weaken the strong foundation upon which many trade unions have been built. Globalization has intensified the economic competition among the various developed nations of the world and to increase this competitiveness, these countries have adopted very liberal trade policies to ensure that their products remain at the top of the global market. These new policies have had an impact on trade unions in very negative way because one of their key parts are the legal restrictions which have been placed on the rights of workers for the sake of a higher efficiency of the economy. A major consequence of these restrictions has been the fact that trade unions in these countries have come to lose those rights, which they had struggled for many years to gain, and this has ensured that the political foundations of such trade unions have been increasingly weakened1. At the same tim e, the liberal policies that have been brought about by globalization have been creates more in favor of the employers than the workers. These policies advocate for the flexibility of the labor market and this has meant that the labor market has been deregulated and that employers have been empowered in areas the hiring of workers, their firing, the choice of how much to pay them, as well as the choice of the use of labor. As a result of this, informal employment and other cheap forms of labor have become prevalent because employers prefer them not only for the cheapness of wages paid to them, but also for the fact that they do not have to cover them in such matters as insurance and safety. This has made it very difficult for trade unions to be able to organize workers into the powerful force that they previously were because many of these informally employed people are not members of unions. The swift change in the development of equipment as well as the globalization of the econom y has led to the acceleration of structural adjustment. With the division of labor on the international scene, some of the developed countries have opted to shift those enterprises that they consider labor intensive to other countries where there is cheaper labor. This has led to the trade unions in these countries to lose those industrial sectors, which had been their traditional bases of support. To add to this, the use of new technologies in such traditional industries as steel, manufacturing and construction has led to the drop in the demand for labor from these industries due to the fact that most of the labor within them has become redundant. Moreover, the traditional ways through which trade unions worked have been challenged by the development of the Information Technology and other related industries, and it is against this background that trade union activities in developed countries, are on the decline2. Globalization has enabled the speeding up of the work of trade union s at an international level. Trade unions have developed as a product of the social and economic conflicts that have been brought about by industrial disputes. They gain their legitimacy through their legalization at a national level and they function as the protectors of the rights of the workers who fall within their jurisdiction. Due to the globalization

Reduce The Incidence Perioperative Hypothermia Health And Social Care Essay

Reduce The Incidence Perioperative Hypothermia Health And Social Care Essay A Summary of fewer than 150 words should state the purpose of the study or investigation, basic procedures, main findings (giving actual results not just a broad description) and their statistical significance (using actual p values), and principal conclusions. The Summary should not be structured nor in note or abbreviated form. It should not state that the results are discussed or that work is presented. Abbreviations should not be used except for units of measurement. Use the same order when discussing the methods and results as in the main body of the text, and always mention the groups in the same order. Introduction: Perioperative hypothermia, defined as a core temperature below 36 °C, is still one of the most common side effects of general anaesthesia (1, 12) and results from low preoperative core temperatures (19), anaesthetic-induced inhibition of thermoregulatory defenses with redistribution of heat after induction of anaesthesia combined with a cold surgical environment, administration of unwarmed intravenous fluids, and evaporation from surgical incisions (25). Several prospective, randomized trials and retrospective studies have shown that perioperative hypothermia is associated with numerous adverse effects and outcomes (24). Following head and neck surgery perioperative hypothermia can cause delayed extubation, the development of early perioperative wound complications e.g. neck seromas, and flap dehiscence (2, 26). Although the authors of these studies recommend active warming for patients at risk for intraoperative hypothermia (2, 26) most patients are not actively warmed during head and neck surgery. The purpose of this prospective, randomized, controlled study was to test the hypothesis that the use of a new conductive warming system (PerfecTempà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, The Laryngeal Mask Company Limited, St. Helier, Jersey) in combination with insulation is superior to reduce the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative hypothermia during head and neck surgery compared to insulation only. Methods: After approval of the protocol by our local hospital ethics committee, 40 patients were recruited. Written, informed consent was obtained from all patients on the day prior to anaesthesia and surgery. All patients in the study were required to be adults between 18 and 75 yrs, to have American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I-III and to undergo elective, head or neck surgery that was scheduled to last between 90 min and 180 min. The exclusion criteria were: age > 75 yr; body mass index 30 kg/m ²; preoperative temperature > 38 °C or 180 min. All patients were premedicated with 7.5 mg oral midazolam. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol (2 to 2.5 mg per kg of body weight) and remifentanil (0.2-0.5 µg/kg) followed by rocuronium (0.4-0.6 mg/kg) to facilitate tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia was maintained with infusions of remifentanil and propofol titrated to maintain adequate anaesthetic depth and hemodynamic stability. The ambient temperature of the O.R. was 19 °C. Sublingual temperatures were measured preoperatively with an electronic thermometer (Geratherm rapid, Geratherm Medical AG, Geschwenda, Germany). During all measurements, sublingual placement and mouth closure was carried out by member of the study team (A.R.) experienced in the use of this device. Following induction, until the end of surgery, oesophageal temperatures were measured every 15 minutes using a temperature probe (TEMPRECISE #4-1512-A, Arizant International Corp. Eden Prairie, MN, USA) inserted 30 to 35 cm into the distal oesophageus. All patients were identified through the daily surgical schedule. A computer generated randomisation list with four blocks of ten patients was used to allocate patients to either the treatment group (conductive warming and insulation) or control group (insulation only). In the treatment group the patients were positioned supine on the conductive warming mattress (190.5 cm x 50.8 cm) (LMA PerfecTempà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, The Laryngeal Mask Company Limited, St. Helier, Jersey) placed on the operating table, as suggested by the manufacturer. Then the patients were immediately insulated with a standard hospital duvet (188 cm x 122 cm), filled with Trevira (100% polyester) (Brinkhaus GmbH Co. KG, Warendorf, Germany) with an insulation value of 1.29 clo (6). The conductive patient warming system was set to a temperature of 40.5 °C throughout the study and warming was stopped when the oesophageal temperature was > 37.5 °C. Patients of the control group were positioned supine on the operating table and were immediately insulated with the standard hospital duvet. All intravenous fluids were infused at room temperature. The duration of anaesthesia and surgery (time from skin incision to last suture) were recorded. Power analysis, assuming a clinically important reduction in the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative hypothermia from 50 % to 90% suggested that eleven patients were required in each group (ÃŽÂ ± = 0.05; ÃŽÂ ² = 0.2). To compensate for unexpected dropout of patients with a shorter or longer duration of surgery than planned the initial total number of recruited patients was increased to 20 patients in each group. Comparisons of nominal data were made using the Fishers exact test. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used prior to parametric testing to ascertain that values came from a Gaussian distribution. Comparisons of normally distributed data were made using the Students t-test. Comparisons of not normally distributed data were made using the Mann-Whitney-U test. Time-dependent changes of core temperature were evaluated using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Scheffà ©s test. Results are expressed as means  ± SD or as median and interquantil range as appropriate. A value for p Results A total of 86 patients were assessed for eligibility. 25 patients could not be asked to participate, because they came to the hospital on the day of the operation. 21 patients refused to participate. Of the 40 patients recruited, 10 patients had to be excluded because of an operating time below 60 minutes (five patients in the treatment and four in the control group) or above 180 minutes (one patient). Figure 1: Flow diagram of the study In three patients the conductive warming mattress did not fully heat up to 40.5 °C for unknown technical reasons. These patients were still included in the data analyses. Data were therefore complete for 15 patients in each group. Patient characteristics, ambient temperature of the O.R., core temperatures before induction of anaesthesia and duration of surgery were not different (table 1). Table 1 Patient characteristics and perioperative variables. Values are presented as mean values  ± SD, median and interquantil range [IQR] or numbers of patients. Variable Treatment group (n = 15) Control group (n = 15) P-value Age [yr] 51 ±18 51 ±15 0.99 Sex [m/f] 7/8 10/5 0.46 Height [cm] 173 ±11 175 ±10 0.64 Weight [kg] 74 ±16 80 ±9 0.21 Temperature of the O.R [ °C] 19 ±1 19 ±1 0.3 Core temperature before induction of anaesthesia [ °C] 36.1 ±0.4 35.9 ±0.5 0.33 Duration from positioning on the conductive warming mattress to induction of anaesthesia [min] 7 [IQR: 5-9] Duration of anaesthesia [min] 118 ±28 122 ±38 0.74 Duration of surgery [min] 97 ±25 103 ±37 0.61 The ANOVA identified a significantly higher core temperature in the treatment group at 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min (Figure 2). Further testing was futile as there were only three patients with a longer duration of surgery included. Figure 2 Mean pre- and intraoperative temperatures of the treatment group and control group. Error bars represent SD. In each group data were complete for at least sixty minutes. Furthermore, Fisherss exact test confirmed a lower incidence of intraoperative (3 vs. 9 patients; p = 0.03) and postoperative hypothermia (0 vs. 6 patients; p = 0.008) in the treatment group. However, the mean duration of hypothermia was not significantly shorter in the treatment group (55 ±17 min vs. 80 ±51 min; p = 0.42). No adverse effects could be observed. Discussion: This prospective, randomized, controlled study demonstrates that, during head and neck surgery under general anaesthesia, a conductive warming mattress combined with insulation significantly reduces the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative hypothermia compared to insulation only. With this approach the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative hypothermia could be reduced significantly. However, the mean intraoperative duration of mild hypothermia could not be reduced significantly. Redistribution of body heat from the core to the periphery was unusually small in this study and similar in both groups as core temperature decreased only 0.1 °C in the control group and 0.2 °C in the study group. In most clinical studies redistribution of heat after induction of anaesthesia leads to a reduction in core temperature of about 0.3 °C to 0.8  °C (3, 4, 8, 28) in the first hour whereas under experimental conditions it can reach up to 1.7 °C (17). This small decrease in core temperature may be explained by the fact that patients were kept comfortably warm during the whole preoperative period (ward, transport to the O.R. and induction of anaesthesia) with the same good insulating hospital blanket as used intraoperatively. This approach refers to the recent NICE guideline Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. The management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults (22). Patients during head and neck surgery are often thought to have a relatively low risk for perioperative hypothermia because in most cases no body cavity is opened, the surgical incisions as well as blood losses are small. This is probably why there are almost no studies about perioperative hypothermia and its prevention during head and neck surgery. However, many patients undergoing head and neck surgery are prone to hypothermia by advanced age (2, 14, 27) and cancer with associated malnutrition and low body weight (2, 16). According to their preoperative risk profile (e.g. ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, preoperative radiotherapy, preoperative chemotherapy) (20, 26) they are often vulnerable to hypothermia associated complications. These complications include an increasing incidence of myocardial ischemia (10, 11, 11) which is also a relevant complication after reconstructive head and neck surgery (7), augmenting blood loss (23), dec reasing resistance to surgical wound infections or increasing local wound complications (2, 15, 18, 26), thus prolonging hospitalization. The few existing studies were particularly focused on longer operations like parotidectomies, neck dissections (2) and reconstructive surgery with free tissue or regional flaps (13, 26). In the study of Agrawal et al. (2) the incidence of perioperative hypothermia was 65% in the unwarmed group showing clearly the high risk of perioperative hypothermia in patients during head and neck surgery. In our study with relatively short operations we observed an incidence of perioperative hypothermia of 40% in the control group. In contrast to the study of Agrawal et al. (2) we used a high insulation of 1.29 clo for these patients which is much more than the insulation value of most commercially available materials designed for use in the operating room. With this insulation heat losses from the covered skin can be reduced about 70%. (6). In most of our patients this insulation was able to maintain a stable thermal steady state with a relative constant core temperature. However, this thermal s teady state was at a core temperature of about 36.0 °C with many patients being hypothermic. In general the efficacy of posterior patient-warming systems is limited (5, 9, 13, 21). These devices have the disadvantage that warming the back of the patient in the supine position is suboptimal. During surgery, little heat is lost from the back (9) and heat gain via the back is also limited, resulting in a small change in heat balance. However, in this special setting the additional heat generated by the conductive warming system leads to a positive thermal balance and an increasing core temperature after 30 minutes. In contrast to conventional circulating water mattresses the new conductive system is made of thick viscoelastic foam. This material enhances contact between the mattress and the back, thereby reducing thermal contact resistance and increasing the efficacy of heat exchange. In contrast to forced-air warming the combination of good insulation and conductive warming has several advantages. There are no expensive disposables elements, low costs for maintenance, low power consumption and no relevant noise emission (28). Another advantage is that is very easy to use the system for prewarming as soon as the patient can be placed on the operating table when the controller unit is mounted at the operating table. Our study has several limitations. First, two different anatomic locations were used to measure core temperature (oral temperature before induction of anaesthesia and oesophageal during general anaesthesia). However, both methods are reasonable methods for core temperature measurements and we could record the first reliable oesophageal temperature 5 minutes after induction of anaesthesia so that this temperature can serve as a reliable starting temperature. Second, five patients per group had to be excluded from data analyses because the operation time was shorter or longer than planned. Nevertheless, we had to exclude these patients because it is not advisable to compare operations with durations of 30 minutes with operations of more than 3 hours. Finally we did not fully take advantage of the possibility to prewarm our patients with the conductive system. On average time from the beginning of warming to induction of anaesthesia was only seven minutes. It seems to be likely that longer prewarming periods would enhance the efficacy of the conductive warming mattress. Conclusion The combination of good thermal insulation and conductive warming is effective to prevent perioperative hypothermia during head and neck surgery. In contrast to other warming methods there are no expensive disposables, low costs for maintenance, low power consumption and no relevant noise emssion.

Benefits Of Gardening

Benefits Of Gardening Gardening is a hobby for many people. Gardening means nothing to some people. Gardening is done all over the world in any type of weather. Gardening gives us pleasure and is very effective to our minds. Gardening is done at homes, hotels, parks etc. Nowadays there is barely any gardening done. Most people have forgotten the benefits of gardening. In the olden days every house had a garden. It was filled with vegetables, fruits and flowers. Nowadays most people think that gardening is useless.They buy all their vegetables and fruits from the market, but do they know whether the vegetables or fruits they eat are chemicalised or not? If we have our own garden there are two main and basic benefits. One is we can eat the fruits and vegetables without buying thus, reducing the expenditure. Two is we can be sure that the fruits we eat are fresh, healthy and non-chemicalised. The place where I live, gardening is done by most people but still some think it's useless. In my hometown, every house has a garden.It is a shelter from sunlight and it gives us an exercise. Most people nowadays fall sick when they are 40 or 50 years old but in my hometown it's quite different, all work in the garden from early morning till sunrise. It gives us a morning exercise and it makes us very energetic to do our work for the rest of the day. For most people gardening is a remedy for diseases like cholesterol and diabetes. It creates a peaceful mind. In the early morning when you wake up you hear the birds chirping in your garden. You can see green in front of you.People who have eye roblems are advised by the doctors to wake up early in the morning and see green plants. They will help to cure your eye problems. When you have a garden of flowers the fragrance that come from the flowers and the different beautiful colours are a real treat in the morning. Our life expectancy rate goes up if we are physically and mentally healthy, gardening helps in that case as well. I would say that overall gardening is a physical and psychological medicine for everybody. I encourage everyone to do gardening and you will find that you will get very good benefits from it.

Multiple Sclerosis Essay - 959 Words

Multiple Sclerosis Look around, chances are you or someone in the room either has or knows someone with multiple sclerosis. However, you probably would not be able to tell just by looking at someone if they have MS and that is arguably one of the most frustrating effects of MS. In fact there are a lot of frustrations related to this disease, it affects every patient differently, it is difficult to diagnose, symptoms are merely managed, it is unpredictable and life altering for those with it and for those that care for them. It is estimated that over two and a half million people worldwide are affected by MS. Two hundred new diagnosis are reported every week in the United States alone, and the numbers of cases are likely much higher than†¦show more content†¦Brain signals can often not reach their destination because of the damage to the nerves. What causes the damage to the myelin? Basically, T-cells which are part of white blood cells. Normally, white blood cells attack foreign substances suc h as viruses and bacteria or other foreign tissues but in people with MS these cells get confused and attack myelin which is why MS is considered an autoimmune deficiency. MS is often disabling meaning that a wheelchair is needed. However, people with this disease suffer from a wide variety of problems, from trouble walking and maintaining balance, muscle weakness, spasms, pain, fatigue, sensation of numbness, and vision problems to name a few. These symptoms are often in recurring periods of time with worsening symptoms, people who suffer from MS have moments where the symptoms are hardly noticeable, and moments when the symptoms are very severe (NMSS). Even though, we understand that T-cells have gone rogue and cause the damage to the myelin no one understands why the T-cells start to attack the myelin to begin with. However, there is interesting data that suggest that genetics, a persons environment, and possibly even a virus may play a role†(WebMD). These theories have yet to be proven and subsequently prevents a cure. It is for that reason, symptoms are treated and managed to try to improve the life of people that have MS. Treatment typically focuses on speedingShow MoreRelatedEssay Multiple Sclerosis1206 Words   |  5 PagesMultiple Sclerosis The primary objective of this paper is to raise fundamental questions in regards to multiple sclerosis, and to explore possibilities that attempt to answer these inquiries. Second, the prospective outcome is to provide a solid knowledge base for which my peers may begin to understand the relationship between multiple sclerosis and neurobiology and behavior. The first question to address in the general schema of this essay is: What is Multiple Sclerosis? Multiple SclerosisRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesMultiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder where the myelin sheath within the Central Nervous System is attacked (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2017). The myelin sheath protects the axon of the nerve cell. When the myelin sheath is intact, the axon is able to carry impulses away from the neuron’s cell body, and the message carried is clear. With Multiple Sclerosis, the myelin sheath becomes scarred, hence the word â€Å"sclerosis†, and distorts the nerve impulses traveling over the CNS (NationalRead MoreEssay Multiple Sclerosis583 Words   |  3 PagesMultiple sclerosis is a complex, autoimmune disease caused by damage of the fatty myelin sheaths around axons of the brain and spinal cord which leads to demyelination, lesions (scaring) and inflammation1, 2, 3. This damage leads to disruption of nerve impulse along axons resulting in the many symptoms seen in multiple sclerosis patients . Although its exact etiology is unknown, current research indicates that multiple sclerosis is a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors. It hasRead More Multiple Sclerosis Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is a disease of the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. Both have nerve fibers that are wrapped in a myelin sheath. In MS, the myelin sheath becomes inflamed and gradually is destroyed. With the destruction of the myelin sheath comes an array of symptoms that may include numbness or tingling, balance problems, weakness, muscle spasms, and blurred vision. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Anyone can develop MS, but manyRead More Multiple Sclerosis Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesMultiple sclerosis, also known as MS, is one of humankind’s most mysterious diseases. No one knows the exact cause and there is no exact treatment. Still multiple sclerosis has the ability to affect nearly 3 million people worldwide and at least 500,000 people in the United States (Boroch). This disease tends to be more common in individuals of northern European descent and women are more than twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis as men. Of those 3 million people, most of them are betweenRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pages Multiple Sclerosis is a disease that can impact many different parts of the body. It starts out by the immune system attacking the myelin that surrounds the nerve fibers in the Central Nervous System. Once the myelin tissue is damaged, it forms a type of scar tissue that essentially causes the sclerosis. It th en sends nerve impulses back and forth between the brain and spinal cord that can cause many different ranges of symptoms. Scientists are still researching the cause for this disease; howeverRead More Multiple Sclerosis Essay2039 Words   |  9 PagesMultiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It most commonly occurs in individuals between the ages of twenty and forty (1) and in higher numbers of women than men (2). In Multiple Sclerosis (or MS) a loss of the nerves axon coating myelin prohibits the nerve axons from efficiently conducting action and synaptic potentials. Scar tissue (called plaques or lesions) forms at the points where demyelination occurs in the brain and spinal cord, hence the nameRead MoreEssay on An Overview of Multiple Sclerosis2251 Words   |  10 PagesAn overview of the chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease: Multiple sclerosis BACKGROUND The central nervous system (CNS) comprises grey matter, which contains neuron cell bodies and white matter, which contains the nerve axons. Most of the nerve axons are concentrically wrapped around by lipid-rich biological membrane, known as the myelin sheath. In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocyte. a type of glial cell. (Pfeiffer et al., 1993). These electrical insulating, multilamellar membranesRead MoreEssay about Multiple Sclerosis2621 Words   |  11 PagesMultiple Sclerosis    You pick up the telephone to call your best friend. You dial a number which will, in effect, let the phone know where to send the signals. But unbeknownst to you, something has worn away the rubber which covers and protects the wires within your phone. Some signals cannot get through, and the ones that do are ambiguous. As a result your important information does not get conveyed to your friend. This is a circumstance similar to the process that occurs within the bodyRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis Essay example1104 Words   |  5 PagesMultiple sclerosis is a chronic, progressive neurological disease affecting all aspects of life: physical, cognitive, emotional, and social (Abma). It is known as an autoimmune disease, Where the body’s immune system turns against the body and destroys the protective covering that surrounds nerve cells. This damage to the nerve cells causes many problems for the patient including weakness, muscle stiffness, poor coordination and balance, tingling, numbness, tremors, blurred vision, slurred speech

Mental Health Through Forgiveness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 904 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Forgiveness Essay Did you like this example? Forgiveness is an integral part of our life. It basically subsumes forgiving self and forgiving others. Forgiveness is important to move on from any situation. As a cognitive, emotional, and behavioral response to interpersonal conflict, forgiveness generally refers to exonerating another person of blame or giving up claims on another of debt, loan, obligation, or other claims, which is different from condoning, excusing, forgetting, pardoning, and reconciliation (Eaton Struthers, 2006). Generally, the offended individuals can use forgiveness as an effective coping strategy to promote their happiness and well-being (Worthington Scherer, 2004). Forgiveness is a response to harm or injustice who has been treated unjustly and decides to reduce anger and hostility, work hard to provide benevolence towards the offender (Exline, Worthington, Hill, McCullough, 2003; Toussaint Friedman, 2009; Wade Worthington, 2005). It usually incorporates a decrease in negative affect, emotions, cognitions, motivations, and behavior toward the offender (Rye Pargament, 2002). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mental Health Through Forgiveness" essay for you Create order Various areas of the brain are activated during forgiveness response. Farrow et al. (2001) used functional MRI to detect brain regions engaged by judging others emotional states and the forgivability of their crimes. Ten volunteers were involved. They read and make judgments based on social scenarios and a high-level baseline task (social reasoning). Both empathic and forgivability judgments activated left superior frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal gyrus, and precuneus. in addition, Empathic judgments also activated left anterior middle temporal and left inferior frontal gyri, while forgivability judgments activated posterior cingulate gyrus. According to Erikson (1993), a human has eight different development stages. In each stage, there are various conflicts and psychological problems that one needs to resolve. Successful resolution of these conflicts leads to better well-being. However, one needs to have a higher tolerance, compromise and acceptance ability which means letting go of the situation and forgiving self and others (Slater, 2003). Although forgiveness increases with age, the changes in a different aspect of forgiveness might not be the same. For instance, a study by Charzy?„ska and Heszen (2013) reported a positive correlation between age and the capacity to forgive. There were significant associations between age and forgiveness of others, the feeling of being forgiven by God, and a general tendency to forgive, but not with self-forgiveness. In contrast to this, a study showed that there was an association between age and negative strategy of forgiveness which included revenge and avoidance rather tha n a positive strategy which means benevolence (Ghaemmaghami, Allemand, and Martin., 2011). Giving forgiveness can differ according to age. A study conducted by few researchers examined age-related differences and similarities in forgiveness seeking. Students from third, seventh, and 12th grade were involved and they were made to imagine themselves committing various transgressions and the characteristics of this transgression, which included the severity of the consequences and type of offense, were manipulated. Across the age groups, forgiveness-seeking was followed by guilt, whereas withdrawal was followed by shame. Older students were more likely to seek forgiveness when the offense was high rather than low in severity, but younger students did not show this difference. Finally, according to the teachers rating, students overall prosocial behavior was positively correlated with forgiveness seeking (Riek, B. M., DeWit, C. C., 2018). Similar to this, study results reported that there was a robust relationship between a different aspect of disposition and life satisfacti on. The study used Heartland Forgiveness Scale (adapted by Kaleta, Mrz, and Guzewicz, 2016) and The Satisfaction with Life Scale by Diener et al. (SWLS, 1985) adapted by Juczy?„ski (2012). As the age advances, there was a positive correlation between forgiveness and life satisfaction. (Kaleta Mrz, 2018) In terms of self-forgiving reaction, a study by Cornish et al, (2001) showed that individual differences were associated with measures that confound self-forgiveness with other hedonic traits, that is, the ability to release negative emotion following failure. Cluster analysis was used to distinguish genuine self-forgiveness from simply letting oneself off the hook through self-exoneration. It revealed three patterns of responding to interpersonal offenses: self-forgiving (high responsibility and end-state self-forgiveness and low self-condemnation), self-condemning (high responsibility and self-condemnation and low end-state self-forgiveness), and self-exonerating (high end-state self-forgiveness and low responsibility and self-condemnation). When we seek a relationship between forgiveness and health promotion, a study by Toussaint et al. (2018) claimed that there is a strong association between them resulting in a good outcome. There was an inverse relationship between forgiveness and unproductivity, mental and physical health problem. Forgiveness is seen to be an effective coping mechanism for workplace offenses as it promotes good health, well-being, and productivity (Toussaint et al., 2018). The study conducted by Akhtar Barlow (2018) supported the findings of Toussaint. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of process-based forgiveness interventions were done across a different sample of adolescents and adults who have experienced hurt and violence against them. Randomized control trial was done to retrieve electronic database and standard mean differences and confidence interval was assessed to measure treatment effects. Forgiveness therapy was found effective in reducing depression, anger and hosti lity, stress and distress, and in promoting mental well-being (Akhtar, S., Barlow, J., 2018). Analyzing the relationship between forgiveness and mental health from a different angle, a study claimed that there was a significant association between poor mental health and depressive symptoms. The study included a total of 311 Korean teachers who were asked to complete self-report questionnaires of Forgivingness Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multiple regression analysis revealed that self-compassion moderated the relationship between lack of forgiveness and depression; the relationship was stronger for those low on self-compassion (Chung, 2006)